الأدب العربي

The aim of this research is discovering the reiteration phenomenon in Abe-Lkassm Elshaby’s verse, that phenomenon appears clearly in his verse. This phenomenon relates to a certain degree to his mentality and life. The reiteration depends on the sum of style choices for item than other one, linguistic creation than other. That gives us the secret of the poet’s love to this mode style than other. Also research aims to recognize the nature of this phenomenon and how he creates and builds it. How much he reaches to satisfy in the structure of it. He makes it active inside version. He employs it very will, it becomes as a beauty moves the version space and transfers it from silence to motion and music. The research tries to recognize the axis of the reiteration and styles of Elshaby, which represents in word, ends and start repeating. The function of this axis effects in sentence structure all kinds of the poet. And how it strongly influences the version contexts, also the exciting influences the recipient and attracts his attentions to live in the event of version. Also the research discovers the art structure, which created by Elshaby’ s talent in the version. There are two directions: 1st vertical and 2nd horizontal. All those make it beautiful item, which serves the version and gives it strength activity and influence.

Most of the work from pre-Islamic is melodramatic. The main themes of this period poetry ranges from good, bad, tragic and valuable. Tragic concentrated on (1) demolition of the good poetry by weeping on ruins and debris for the departure of the beloved. (2) conflict between the realistic and the idealism in which the poet was living and the effect of this tragedy on his poetry. The research aims at drawing the image for the tragic diversion from a beauty value in the pre-Islamic poetry to a beauty example in the later Arabic Poetry.

This paper is a study of Amr bin Masada’s life as well as literary writings. First, Ibn Masada’s life is explored including his family, name, life stages, attributes, creed, rhetoric and death. Then, the second part of the paper is a (his cousin of Ibn Masada’s prose heritage (types and characteristics). The researcher began the paper with a brief note concerning the loss of most of his writings. Next, he critically analyzed the variety of literary his writings, including letters with their two types, wisdom sayings, and signatures. He also examined in detail the major characteristics of Bin Masada’s writings from the points of view of form as well as content. The study ends with a conclusion containing the major fin lings, including: 1.Bin Masada’s position among the other writers of his time 2.The loss of most of his writings 3.His literary language is superior

This study investigates the introduction of the pre Islamic poem in Hassan Ibn Thabet as it attempts to find an explanation of Hassan’s abandonment if the traditional introduction in some of his poems . The study also sheds lights on the form of introductions in his pre Islamic poems. The study deals with aspects of development in these introductions , and determines the elements and components which he abandoned and these which he kept, as well as these which emerged in some introductions and disappeared in others . The study also discloses the new elements in his pre Islamic introductions which are represented by his tendency towards focussing and briefing, and in the economy of expression using poetic images. The study also discloses these elements of deviation from the course of his predecessors which are represented by his mentioning in his introductions of places located outside of the Arabian peninsula and making his introductions include expressions of his admiration of the glories of Ghasasinah, and his lamenting the loss of these glories , his mention of the generosity of their camels and horses, his recall of memories in their homes , his uninterest in woman or risk for her sake, his description of the woman of Ghasasina, his expression of his stupefaction at the urban woman , her beauty and her perfume, preferring her to the Bedouin woman, his mixing his descriptions with some aspects of nature , his use of some mythical aspects in the pre Islamic life. All over the study, many points of view regarding the introduction to the pre Islamic poem , and some views related to the pre - Islamic poetry with an attempt to correct them are discussed.

The aim of the present study is to describe, analyze, and study comparatively the phenomenon of diminutive in languages. It was found that the diminutive is a common place in most languages, and is often used to express disparagement. English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish in their old forms applied diminutive. Diminutive is also present in Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Ethiopian. It is recorded that modem Arab pens tend to apply description ( (وصف instead of using diminutive, but this tendency, however, is not restricted to modern Arabic. It is a general phenomenon in all-human languages.

Linguistic knowledge is an essential tool in establishing and developing Shari’ ah sciences. Since linguistic bases are still current in these sciences, it is expected that creation of a special linguistic branch for Shari’ ah linguistic methodology and topics will lead to further development in Shari’ ah sciences. This paper examines this idea and aims at presenting certain suggestions in creating a linguistic branch that takes Shari’ ah studies as field of application and looks into developing linguistic questions in Shari’ ah sciences. and theoretical linguistic bases in extraction and application of rules The paper discussed the need to establish this specialization, its features description, branches, topics and methods of implementing an academic course for this science.

Arabic polysemous words (words that have more than one meaning), and the explanations and discussions concerning them form an important part of the Arabic language and its literary legacy. However, Arabic philologists’ and linguists’ views upon the nature of these words and their importance, and role in expression remain controversial. Furthermore, the books that contain these words lack formal organization and classification. That is what makes these words an issue worthy of investigation, especially in existing Arabic language circumstances. This paper attempts to study this issue from different angles: linguistic, literary and rhetorical, based on an analytical and critical examination of the opinions and works related to the issue. It aims consequently, to reconcile the differences between the arguments and then to reach a radical solution. Likewise this paper tries to prove the importance and extent of the effectiveness of Arabic polysemous words in living expressions. It also attempts to highlight suggestions that could establish the groundwork for an advanced lexicon for these words. Finally, this study raises questions that are worth further investigation, such as: the relationship of polysemous words to classical and modem poetry; the relationship of these words to figures of speech (rhetorical styles) like allegory, paronomasia, and metaphors; and also the relationship that they can have to scientific terms.

The problem of masculine and feminine is one of the big problems faces non Arabic speakers, who study Arabic Language. This research discuses this problem in three chapters: The first chapter titled: Mistakes of students in masculine and feminine. The second chapter: titled the masculine and feminine in the essential Book. The third one: the reasons of the problem. After analyzing the mistakes of the students, and studying the scientific course they study about masculine and feminine in the essential book, it was revealed for the researcher that the reasons of the problem as follows: - The linguistic interference and transferred experience from the mother tongue. 2- Scientific mistakes in the prescribed course. 3- Incapability of the scientific curriculum, as it didn’t deal with some issues of the masculine and feminine. 4- The difficulty to distinguishing between unreal masculine and feminine. The researcher pointed out to deal with these reasons by correcting mistakes, completing the shortage, and to compose a lexicon includes unreal masculine and feminine.

Abou Isaaq Al Zayadi (d.249H) was one of the grammarians from Basra during the 3rd century H. Non of his works remained until today, so the researcher has decided to collect and study his scattered opinions. The research consists of four chapters: Chapter one : his life and works. This chapter contains: 1- His life and his ancestors. 2- His scholar teachers including : Al-Asma’I, Abu Obaida, Abu Zaid, Al-Akhash Al-Awsat, and Al-Jarmi. The researcher has questioned what had been mentioned by Yaqoot about Al-Zayadi being taught by Sibeweih. 3- His pupils including bin Duried, Amubbarad, and Ahmed bin Obeid Al-Kufi. 4- The scholars’ opinions of him. 5- His poems, which are scarce. 6- His lost works. The researcher has found some of Al-Zayadi’s original texts in the book entitled “Ta’leeq Al-Fara’id by El-Damameini” 7- His efforts concerning language and narration. Here, the researcher has mentioned nine of Al-Zayadi’s linguistics opinions. Chapter two : His Syntactic Opinions. Chapter Three : His opinions on Morphology. Al-Zayadi’s Morphological opinions are six. Some of these opinions are his own, and some are qoted from others. Of his original opinions, he claims that the exclamatory “Izah” (If) is considered part of the main clause in the conditional sentence if it is preceded by the conjunction “Fa”. And of the opinions quoted from others, he says that the vowels occurring in the “Six Nouns” are diacritic signs. This is the same as Qaterb’s opinion, and one of the two opinions expressed by Hisham bin Moaweya who preceded him. Another example taken from Al-Akhfash(his teacher), is the possibility of telling about the identical appositive. Chapter Four : Features of his syntactic Approach . 1- independence and objectivity. 2- Refuting the opinions that contradict with his approach. 3- Reaching logic results by analogy. 4- Accuracy in giving evidence.