الهندسة

The human elbow have been modeled and studied by different sciences to understand how its muscle fail and its soft tissue sustain damaged during tennis elbow accidents. Some researchers approached the problem mathematical modeling; using different methods such as hill-type method. Others preferred experimentation test the loading forces that can be applied to it. Other techniques such as optimization using Visual Basic have also been used in this field. Moreover, the main muscle that is involved in tennis elbow accident (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis) has been simulated and some parameters have discovered to be directly associated to muscle failure. The studies covered in this paper to provide a historical development of tennis elbow modeling including mechanical experiments and solutions. A brief introduction about tennis elbow, causes, and methods of treatment will be precedes the review of the literature.

The paper reviews current development in human cartilage modelling and understanding and research and developments in producing artificial cartilage. Although a complete understanding of cartilage and the development of a reliable constitutive model remain subject to intense research in recent years a great deal of progress has been achieved and either development of artificial cartilage or biologically cell cultured growth of cartilage becoming a viability.

The human spine is a very complex structure. In order for the kinematics of the spine to be fully understood, the biological aspects need to be investigated; however in this paper kinematics analysis is separated from any other consideration for sake of designing a device which will improve any deterioration of kinematics condition of spine. Paper presented here investigates a specific type of spinal deformity and attempt to identify the main aspects of mobility loss and proposed a device to rectify it. The main focus of this work is centred a round scoliosis type of deformities. The question asked in this investigation is simple, can Harrington rod solution be improved? To answer the question a new device is proposed. The device aims to offer localised correction to deformity, thus providing much better control and less intrusive surgery in comparison to the Harrington rod solution. However the main problem with this proposal is about localisation of the corrective moment which can be very high and thus it needs to be tested to ensure that both the device and bone are strong enough.

Abstract: The studies, which indicated plans and process of sustainable urban development in Egypt all over the last years, are pointing that there are many negative appearances in the contemporary Egyptian cities. Urban bulkiness, encroaching of agriculture land, interfering of land use, higher floor area ratio, and subsequently increasing population density are the most important appearances. Therefore, These appearances led to decrease the specific areas for public services, roads, recreation regions, green and open spaces, and loss urban character for any region or village or town. Many factors come into view, which effect in urban development process and cause the pervious negative appearance. Social, economical and management factors, utilization and urban recourses, and physical environment limitations are the most important factors. Moreover, the probability of urban laws with the surrounding environmental quality and plans of urban development is another important factor. The research aims to define the development dimensions of urban law in sustainable urban development process in Egypt. The researcher views that explanation of the existing pervious negative appearance in the contemporary Egyptian cities could be start from studying these legislation and trying to find the factors which led to decrease its effective to achieve the desirable development goals and provide safety and healthy for urban environment. The research aims to collect the limitation aspects of urban laws in two main dimensions: first, the limitation of urban laws itself (statutory dimension), second, the impact of urban laws on the sustainable urban development process (application dimension).

In this work a solar drying system was constructed, consisting of three parts (solar collector, drying cabinet, and air blower). Solar collector having V-corrugated absorption plate of two air passes, a single glass cover was used. The total area of the collectors is 2.04 m². The dimension of the drying cabinet are 1.06) x0.66x0.56 m) (width, depth, and height) restively. 38 kg of corn were dried, the moisture content was reduced from 21 to13% within four hours drying .The drying air temperatures at the inlet of the dryer were found in the range of (35-45 ºC.). The drying rate is reduced with the decrease of moisture content, Efficiency of the collector is very much dependant on air flow rate .

The low density, the cohesion-less nature, high percentage of voids, and other undesirable properties of volcanic ash materials in their natural state necessitate their improvement prior to any construction. This study was conducted on natural volcanic ash in order to assess the performance of lime-stabilized mixture (lime-volcanic ash and fine materials). The volcanic ash was mixed with two different types of fine soils individually to improve the grading of the volcanic ash, cohesion properties and to reduce the amount of required lime. Different variables influencing the performances of ash-soil-lime mixture were studied. These variables included water content, lime content, fine soil plasticity, soil content, and curing duration. The laboratory program adopted in this investigation includes material characterization, compaction, deformation properties and strength. Strength characteristics using unconfined compressive strength were studied and recommended values of lime content for specified conditions of road bases and sub-bases are presented in this paper.