Meteb Altaf

The human elbow have been modeled and studied by different sciences to understand how its muscle fail and its soft tissue sustain damaged during tennis elbow accidents. Some researchers approached the problem mathematical modeling; using different methods such as hill-type method. Others preferred experimentation test the loading forces that can be applied to it. Other techniques such as optimization using Visual Basic have also been used in this field. Moreover, the main muscle that is involved in tennis elbow accident (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis) has been simulated and some parameters have discovered to be directly associated to muscle failure. The studies covered in this paper to provide a historical development of tennis elbow modeling including mechanical experiments and solutions. A brief introduction about tennis elbow, causes, and methods of treatment will be precedes the review of the literature.

The paper reviews current development in human cartilage modelling and understanding and research and developments in producing artificial cartilage. Although a complete understanding of cartilage and the development of a reliable constitutive model remain subject to intense research in recent years a great deal of progress has been achieved and either development of artificial cartilage or biologically cell cultured growth of cartilage becoming a viability.

The human spine is a very complex structure. In order for the kinematics of the spine to be fully understood, the biological aspects need to be investigated; however in this paper kinematics analysis is separated from any other consideration for sake of designing a device which will improve any deterioration of kinematics condition of spine. Paper presented here investigates a specific type of spinal deformity and attempt to identify the main aspects of mobility loss and proposed a device to rectify it. The main focus of this work is centred a round scoliosis type of deformities. The question asked in this investigation is simple, can Harrington rod solution be improved? To answer the question a new device is proposed. The device aims to offer localised correction to deformity, thus providing much better control and less intrusive surgery in comparison to the Harrington rod solution. However the main problem with this proposal is about localisation of the corrective moment which can be very high and thus it needs to be tested to ensure that both the device and bone are strong enough.