العربية، الإنجليزية

Arabic polysemous words (words that have more than one meaning), and the explanations and discussions concerning them form an important part of the Arabic language and its literary legacy. However, Arabic philologists’ and linguists’ views upon the nature of these words and their importance, and role in expression remain controversial. Furthermore, the books that contain these words lack formal organization and classification. That is what makes these words an issue worthy of investigation, especially in existing Arabic language circumstances. This paper attempts to study this issue from different angles: linguistic, literary and rhetorical, based on an analytical and critical examination of the opinions and works related to the issue. It aims consequently, to reconcile the differences between the arguments and then to reach a radical solution. Likewise this paper tries to prove the importance and extent of the effectiveness of Arabic polysemous words in living expressions. It also attempts to highlight suggestions that could establish the groundwork for an advanced lexicon for these words. Finally, this study raises questions that are worth further investigation, such as: the relationship of polysemous words to classical and modem poetry; the relationship of these words to figures of speech (rhetorical styles) like allegory, paronomasia, and metaphors; and also the relationship that they can have to scientific terms.

The problem of masculine and feminine is one of the big problems faces non Arabic speakers, who study Arabic Language. This research discuses this problem in three chapters: The first chapter titled: Mistakes of students in masculine and feminine. The second chapter: titled the masculine and feminine in the essential Book. The third one: the reasons of the problem. After analyzing the mistakes of the students, and studying the scientific course they study about masculine and feminine in the essential book, it was revealed for the researcher that the reasons of the problem as follows: - The linguistic interference and transferred experience from the mother tongue. 2- Scientific mistakes in the prescribed course. 3- Incapability of the scientific curriculum, as it didn’t deal with some issues of the masculine and feminine. 4- The difficulty to distinguishing between unreal masculine and feminine. The researcher pointed out to deal with these reasons by correcting mistakes, completing the shortage, and to compose a lexicon includes unreal masculine and feminine.

Grammatical and morphological books are numerous to the extent that the observer starts to ponder and deeply think about this abundance; is there anything new in each book that is not in other books? Or else, is the only difference something other than the content — which is the method of presenting, treatment, and organizing of it? And for this was this paper. This paper deals with organization of Arabic morphological chapters in the books of grammarians and morphologists up to the 10th Higri century. The paper starts with a foreword explains the concept of morphology used by grammarians and morphologists, to realize after searching and analyzing that there are three stages the concept has gone through by developing and expanding. Also, the forward glimpsed at topics (fields of study) of morphology which this paper includes, and the difference between As-Sarf and At-Tasreef. The paper, then, goes to the core of the research. By means of induction of grammatical and morphological books, content is presented in conjunction with distinguishing and concluding the principles which the grammarians and morphologists start from in compiling their books. The paper has been divided into sections — in the light of all that preceding — according to the type of material included in a book in relation with which books include both grammar and morphology or which include mere one of them, and in relation to where morphology comes within the sequence of a book. The paper, in the end, finishes with conclusion that illustrates the significant results of the research.