عبدالله الشامي

Introduction: The process of educational decision –making is considered as a fundamental aspect in managerial process and the core in which the other managerial processes support, as the managerial authority faces many situations and challenges that requires the accurate and clear determination for it. This process will take place through developing and evaluating the alternatives; whether on the ministerial, education offices or the schools level. The success in the decision –making process does not limited to determining the problem and the alternatives ,only, but also to provide the accurate information that help in determining the problem in the appropriate time, in addition to the effective participation of the competent in the decision –making process and those who have the skills and experiences are that are required for the decision –making process through concentration on the idea that good utilization for the human resources in any society; based on the extent of the success in the decision –making process. The status trevuods for the decision –making process is the Total Quality Management that emphasis on the importance of changing through participation between the individuals working in the field of decision –making ,and the emphasis on the idea that the teamwork is the basis inside the organizations and that the human relations such as the authority delegation, encourage the participation in bearing the responsibility, providing the development for all the workers, and also the participation of the parents to obtain their full satisfaction and the continuous improvement for all the processes. This will be achieved Through the existence of democratic leadership that search for new educational policies and to create fruitful policies for education ,and also the adoption of new philosophy for the development and not to make decision depending on the costs only. It also includes the removal of the obstacles , the emphasis on the a achievements and facts , and encourage to express the honor and confidence. One of the decentralized successful applications is the Management by Objectives and results, which has its contributions in the field of education. (although it appeared in the 70s ,but it still applied till now). It was applied in the United States of America and other countries. As a result of using (MBO> R) in, schools studies indicated that the model has been performance, and consequently better results compared with other schools that uses other models. It may be said that the decision –making process based on an essential principle: Participation principle: that concerning the emphasis on the participation between the school principal and the teachers in determining the school objectives, the steps and the required processes for the objectives formulation and determining it in away that help in the selection of the means and the ways concerning the achievement , bearing the responsibility and the enhancement of the moral, spirit within the workers . (z) theory in management concentrate on the collective decision – making process and the effective participation of the team members and the distribution of the responsibilities on personal basis. The process of the decision –making in the light of the team management consist of work teams that enjoy independence in decision –making process as an alternative to the traditional hierarchal organizational models that based on the authority. The usage of this technique has been greatly published ,in the recent years, in the U S A and many other parts of the world . the organizations that apply this model have the following characteristics: 1- Its organizational structures became more flat (work with a minimum in the organizational levels). 2- Designing the work of the organizational groups depends on the basis of the variety of the group activity (violating the job specialization). 3- The limitation of the higher level management role on the consultancy and facilitation. 4- Leadership inside the team should be through participation. 5- The access for the information flow is available and the participation between the team members is exist. 6- The positive motives is collective, and basically based on the skills. 7- The team is the one who determine the problem and the alternatives , and controls its implementation and the extent of its suitability with the plans. The process of decision –making performed in the light of the management based on the school ,as the latter is a primary unit for the educational decision –making. it was emerged from the movement of the educational reform in the 80s as it was distinguished by the variety of experiences and efficiencies who work in the schools to make decisions concerning the improvement in education, as it provide the teachers and the local society members with the chance in participation as they are consider increasing inputs for the decisions and to make the financial and educational sources applied with the educational objectives that is developed in every school and to support and teaching the new leaders in all levels. The decision –making process in the light of the re engineering based on five stages : 1-The first stage: The vision in which the objectives are determined . 2- The second stage :the determination through forming teamwork and encompassing the essential processes. 3- The third stage: the analysis and the documentation of processes, and also identifying the main work for all. 4- The fourth stage: providing the possible alternatives, evaluating it and designing the new processes . 5- The fifth stage : the application and the operation of the information systems for the new processes and to perform control , audit, and performing the necessary tests required for the success of the processes. The decision support systems based on providing directed programs to serve the decision makers in the processes of making decisions whether routine or strategic. The idea of these systems are based on logic ,as the school principle may ask the computer number of questions (What if?) alternatives, then the school principal and the computer gives him a number of responses and the manager can select the one. Statement of the Problem: In this regard ,the problems that is related with the educational decision –making in Yemen ,should be identified: Yemen was been divided into two parts ;one is the southern under the British colonization up to 1967when the last one of the British army exit. It remained under the rule of the communist party up to 1990. The northern part was under the Ottmanic rule up to 1918,then Al’ Emma up to 1962in the revolution time and finally the unity between the two parts was taken place accompanied by the widening in the Yemeni map and the enlargement in the organizational structure ,and the problems that face it from the two former systems. This also reflected on the educational management that still suffer from the weakness in the organizational structure ,that affect its performance to achieve its targets with high degree of efficiency and effectiveness , but it also weakens it ability to react effectively with the regional and international changes, as a result to the loose centrality that the educational system based on , in addition to the poor advantages provided for the education offices , educational centers ,schools ,the weakness the level of management ,in general and the weakness in the data base that enable the educational system to develop in both qualitative and quantative aspects. Therefore , some of the problems suffered by the educational administration may be identified ,by its three levels in the field educational of decision-making, in the following: 1- The widening of the ministry works in the existence of organizational structure that can not bear such expansion, that leads to charging the high level management with overwhelmed charges. 2- The lack of flexibility in the educational planning ,and the lack of participation by the competent in the educational process and the weakness in the information base . 3- The weakness in the information and data base and the inability to employ it which blocks its ability to contribute in making the decisions and policies in the best way. 4- The weakness of the advantages provided for the education offices and the schools whether in the financial field or in the field of tests . 5- The lack of care by the education offices ,educational centers , and the schools towards communications and the human relations and the participation in the decision –making. 6- The non participation of the workers in the education offices and the schools in decision –making. 7- The increase of migration from rural to urban areas for the demand of the educational service as a result to the centrality in distributing the educational service and its concentration in cities. 8- The education offices managers and the schools managers occupation by the requirements and demands of their offices ,which lead the increase of the auditors and the inability to achieve the treatments in its exact time. 9- The random way in the process of decision-making by the education offices and schools’ managers. 10- The weakness of the societal participation in making the educational decision as a result to the managerial birocracy. 11- As a result for this centrality in decision making ,there are a lot of problems in this field such as: a- The irregularity in distributing the text books every year. b- The deficit in the school equipments. c - The lack of teachers. d- The delay of wages and salaries. e- The delay of the instructions and pamphlets that lead to the delay of execution and the appearance of other problems . Despite the issuance of the local authority law for the year2000, however it was not in the level of the educational leadership ambitions . In addition to the Yemeni national strategy for developing the education that emphasis on the participation in decision making and societal participation and the importance of establishing information network and data base on the three level and to train the working skilled individuals in the three levels ,also. The advantages mentioned in the law cares for the participation in the educational decision –making and the process is limited in transferring some advantages from the ministry of education to the education offices in the govern rates that leads to the existence of new centrality. There was no commitment to the current law and provisions ,and the local authorities had not any central support. Research Questions: The problem is summarized in the following : How to develop the educational decision –making in Yemen in the light of the current managerial? this question include: 1- How to make the educational decision in the light of the current managerial though? 2- What is the historical development for the educational decision–making in Yemen since the Yemen unity up to now ? 3- What are the obstacles that face the educational decision –making in Yemen and how to overcome them? 4- What is the relationship between some personal variables (Sex, administrative perceptions level, no, of years in job, Academies qualifications, and the officials attitudes towards the developed of division making Yamen. 5- What is the suggested prospective which is suitable for the development of the educational decision-making in the light of the current managerial thought and the Yemeni officials? Study limitation: 1- The current study is limited to a sample of the Ministry of education leaders and the education offices and the school. 2- The current study is limited to the educational decision-making pre the university educational system at the three levels; schools, education offices and the ministry of education. 3- The study is limited to the period of the kingdom 1918 in the northern part and the British colonization in the southern part and then the revolution rise-up to the unity of the two parts in the year 1990 up to now. The importance of the study: 1- The development of the educational decision-making in the educational administration in Yemen as it is a starting point to improve the educational management and also the higher management authority. 2- Concentrating the light on the reality of the educational decision-making in Yemen. 3- Providing a suggested prospective for the educational decision-making process Yemen, in the light of the current managerial thought aiming at developing the process, from one side and to increase the effectiveness of decisions-making process from the other side. The study objectives: The study aims to: Developing the educational decision-making process in Yemen to achieve the effective participation from the educational leadership from on side on the three levels; the ministry of education, the education offices and schools. The study methodology: The study depends on the analytical descriptive approach to recognize the managerial and organizational problems that blocks the educational decision-making process in Yemen and then to obtain practical solutions to treat these problems. And consequently “providing a suggested prospective to develop the educational decision-making process. The study instruments: The researcher use the used two tools: identification technique, that will be applied on a sample of the educational leaderships on the level of the ministry, Education offices in the Directorates, and also the school’s managers and teachers to recognize the managerial and organizational problems that face the educational decision-making process in Yemen. In addition, to recognize the suggestions of the study samples concerning the educational decision-making process in Yemen. 1. A questionnaire. 2. A measurement. The study sample: The sample that is used through class sample method was determined, this sample could be selected through two stages: First stage: analyzing the original society to know its characteristics, particulars and its proportions. Second stage: random selection controlled with the limits of the original society (through the salaries lists) The class sample is neither a random sample nor a restricted sample, as it gather between the two sides, it is restricted by the original society characteristics, and it is random in the limits of these features. The researcher selects the sample of his research from the official in the ministry Diwan, education offices and schools in the capital Sanaa in the same way. The researcher covers the ministry Diwan, the education offices that reach (210) schools. This volume represent the sector of the study focus. The sample was selected on the basis to be representing all the schools of the original society, as the study includes all the schools exist in the capital Sanaa. In order to select the sample particulars, it is significant that there are no definite rules to obtain sufficient sample. Every situation has problems and characteristics. If the phenomenon of the study of homo genius nature, a small sample shall be sufficient, while if the studies units are differentiated as the educational phenomena, the sample should be more larger. The attitudes towards the volume of the sample are different, as some consider it of representation of its particulars exceed 30. Other argued that it should be between (5- 10%) from the original society. The researcher, when selected the sample, take into consideration to be representative to the original society. Actually, the volume of the sample reach (600) person of the employee in the ministry Diwan, education offices in the capital Sanaa. The measure of attitudes towards, the development of decision – making was applied, and also the questionnaire in the school year 2003 – 2004 as there are a distribution of (800) measure and questionnaire. The researcher mention (600) that represent (70%) of the original society. The study theory: There are many theories concerning the process of decision-making: some of it are rational and others are non-rational. One of these theories the subjective expected theory which is rational and summarize that the individual select between the alternative through the determination of all the rational results of the selected alternatives. Also the possibility is determined in a subjective way, and the utility of every rational result. And to obtain the expected utility in a subjective way and then the decision-maker select the alternative with the best expected utility. However, the decision theory maker criticize this theory claiming the selection between alternatives is not derived from utilities, but the utilities is the elements that are derived from the alternatives. In general, the SEU theory provide a description for the selection process. The Non-rational theories dismiss the concept of enlarging the utility such as satisfaction theory in which the decision maker is distinguished with a certain ambition level and selecting the first alternative that satisfy or exceed that certain level. There are many motivations to discard the concept of enlarging the utility: First: There are no certain strategy for the enlargement of the benefit in the actual life situations. Second: Even in the case of the existence of a strategy for enlarging the utility, this may require an imagination amount of knowledge about the alternatives and the expected results, particularly when the problem is new and the time is short, also gaining the required knowledge may contradict with the events. For example, the decision-making process may require quickness in a risky situations, thus the trail for enlargement in that case is deadly. Furthermore, the decision-making in the societal and political situations is more important rather than to search for the best alternative. Third: the concept of the enlargement strategy should distinguish it from the optimal outcome. In fact in the situation, there was no certainty that the enlargement shall provide the best solution. The researcher in its current study depends on the rational theory for decision-making: SEU, in it way to this, so the researcher studying the decision-making system, that begin by feeling the problem and ends with decision-making on the three levels; school and the educational directorate and Ministry of education. Operational Definitions: 1- The Suggested prospective: The researcher intends to provide suggested prospective to treat the problems that face the educational decision-making process in Yemen, through focus on the result that the educational management seeks in this field, the researcher shall reach this result through: a- Diagnosing study for the educational decision-making in Yemen and to recognize the obstacles that block the managers in this field. b- Studding the most important concepts in the modern managerial ideology and to select what suits the Yemeni society. c- Providing the suggestive hypothesis to the status of the educational decision-making in Yemen through the concepts and suggestions of the Yemeni officials. 2- Development: It is defined as it’s a long- run effort and activity aiming to improve the system ability to solve its problems and to renew it self in a subjective way through the existence of cooperative and participated management, which is effective for the organization climate the provide special emphasis for the collective or team work with the assistance of external element. It may also aims to making a planned change or long-run development and to improve the system in what connected with the problem solutions, communication, participation, confidence and solving conflicts, also to focus on the human process and the technical and structural factors aiming to improvement. The development viewed as the intentional transmission or planning in the managerial phenomenon towards the best. The development in the current study intended to improve the decision making- process in Yemen through solving the problems that blocks it and to prepare the worker to work in a cooperative way on the three levels (School, education offices and the Ministry of Education) and also to improve the process of decision making in the light of the modern managerial light. 3- Decision Making: It is defined as it is issued arbitration, or selection between right and wrong, in the worst case, it is the potential or possible selection between right and wrong, but in most cases, it is the selection between two operations that non of them has been proved to be more proper than the other. The decision-making process defined as a series of individualistic findings or group findings that seeking the selection of the best solution to face certain situations. The researcher suggest that the decision making is the accurate determination for the educational problems and selecting one solution, developing it and evaluating it separately, on the three levels (Schools education offices-Ministry of Education). 4- Educational Decisions: Defined as the aware selection between the possible alternative in a certain situation. It also defined as the balance between former decisions current alternatives and future possibilities through analyzing the former educational decisions with studding potential alternatives and present one with predicating for future variables. It also defined as the art come of decision taken in the higher managerial levels to direct the behaviors of the juniors. The current research depends on this concept for the education decisions as it taken in the higher managerial levels to direct the junior behavior. 5- The Current Managerial thought: It is the Managerial ideas that appeared in the recent years and not applied with away or another up to now (Total Quality Management, In formation Management, Management by objectives and results, Z Module, Team Management, school – based Management Re-engineering – Decision support systems). The steps of the study: The study includes six chapters which is: 1st Chapter: the General scope for the research and the previous studies. 2nd Chapter: Educational decision-making (definition-types-tools – effective factors – problems – decision making modules). 3rd Chapter: Educational decision making in the light of the current managerial thought. 4th Chapter: The development of the decision-making process in Yemen (Historical study). 5th Chapter: the problems that face the educational decision-making process in Yemen (field study). 6th Chapter: the suggested prospective for developing the educational decision-making in Yemen in the light of the Modern Managerial ideology. The suggested prospective: Is the model provided by the researcher to handle to problems that confront the educational decision – making process in Yeman. As it is based on some concepts which are: - The fundamental theory of the study - Current managerial thought. - Handling the problems that confront the educational decision making process. - The attitudes of the principles in the ministry of Education, Education offices, school principles and the teachers towards the development of educational decision making in Yeman. The suggested prospective relys on a definite cores which are: - Training. - Adaptation. The suggested prospective aimed to present a solution to the problems that confront the educational decision – making process, and the validity of the current managerial thought in the field of educational decision- making field and consequently to provide a practical model that could be applied in the field of educational decision – making in Yeman. The suggested prospective depend on some elements which are: - The levels of development in the educational decision- making. - Educational decision – making techniques educational decision – making steps and the level of participation in it. The suggest prospective provide the work mechanisms in various fields which are: - Information, through establishing a center for the decision support and establishing computer network on the three levels. - communication: through establishing a distance electronic communication system (DECS) for the ministry of education as a first stage. Educational decision – making process: The researcher suggest the participation of education offices with the ministry in managing the strategic decisions, and to let the freed on of making of the tactical decision on the level of the offices, and the routine decision on the level of schools. The researcher suggests some requirements required to achieve the suggested prospective which are: - Legalization - Funding The researcher, also, determine. The problems that may confront the development and provide the solution for it.

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